Hormones & Metabolism

Diabetes Type 1

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, the body cannot regulate blood sugar, requiring lifelong insulin injections or an insulin pump. It typically develops in children and young adults and accounts for 5-10% of all diabetes cases.

Diabetes Type 2

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin. Blood sugar levels remain elevated, damaging blood vessels, nerves, kidneys, eyes, and heart over time. It accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes cases worldwide.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, accelerating the body's metabolism. Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder, is the most common cause. It can cause rapid heart rate, weight loss, anxiety, and tremors, and if untreated, can lead to serious heart problems and thyroid storm.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, slowing down the body's metabolism. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition, is the most common cause. It leads to fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and if untreated, can cause serious complications including heart disease and myxedema coma.

Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance occurs when cells in the body don't respond effectively to insulin, causing the pancreas to produce more insulin to compensate. Over time, this leads to elevated blood sugar and is the precursor to type 2 diabetes. It is closely linked to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, obesity, and abnormal cholesterol.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

PCOS is a hormonal disorder common in women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular periods, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and polycystic ovaries. It affects metabolism, fertility, and appearance, and is closely linked to insulin resistance. PCOS is the leading cause of infertility in women worldwide.